Kuponya ndi kupanga njira Yowonetsera Chithunzi

Njira yopangira ndi kupanga

Kufotokozera Kwachidule:

Tsatanetsatane wa Zamalonda

Zolemba Zamalonda

Chiyambi cha magawo oponya ndi kupanga

Mu zitsulo, kuponyera ndi njira imene chitsulo chamadzimadzi chimaperekedwa mu nkhungu (nthawi zambiri ndi crucible) yomwe imakhala ndi malingaliro oipa (ie, chithunzithunzi cha mbali zitatu) cha mawonekedwe omwe akufuna.Chitsulocho amatsanuliridwa m’chikombolecho kudzera m’kanjira kakang’ono kotchedwa sprue.Chitsulo ndi nkhungu zimakhazikika, ndipo gawo lachitsulo (loponyera) limachotsedwa.Kuponya nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mawonekedwe ovuta omwe angakhale ovuta kapena opanda ndalama kupanga ndi njira zina.
Njira zoponyera zida zakhala zikudziwika kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, ndipo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pojambula (makamaka mkuwa), zodzikongoletsera muzitsulo zamtengo wapatali, zida ndi zida.Zopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri zimapezeka mu 90 peresenti ya katundu wokhazikika, kuphatikiza magalimoto, magalimoto, zakuthambo, masitima, migodi ndi zida zomangira, zitsime zamafuta, zida zamagetsi, mapaipi, ma hydrants, makina opangira mphepo, mafakitale a nyukiliya, zida zamankhwala, zodzitetezera, zoseweretsa, ndi Zambiri.

Njira zachikale zimaphatikizapo kuponyera kwa sera (komwe kungathenso kugawidwa mu centrifugal kuponyera, ndi vacuum kuthandiza mwachindunji kuthira), kuponyera nkhungu pulasitala ndi kuponya mchenga.

Njira yamakono yoponyera imagawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu: kuponyedwa kopanda mtengo komanso kosagwiritsidwa ntchito.Imaphwanyidwanso ndi nkhungu, monga mchenga kapena chitsulo, ndi njira yothira, monga mphamvu yokoka, vacuum, kapena kutsika kwapansi.

Forging ndi njira yopangira kupanga zitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zopondereza.Kuwombera kumaperekedwa ndi nyundo (nthawi zambiri nyundo yamphamvu) kapena kufa.Kuwombera nthawi zambiri kumagawidwa molingana ndi kutentha komwe kumapangidwira: kufota kozizira (mtundu wa ntchito yozizira), kuwombera kotentha, kapena kufota kotentha (mtundu wa ntchito yotentha).Kwa awiri otsiriza, zitsulo zimatenthedwa, nthawi zambiri zimapangidwira.Ziwalo zabodza zimatha kulemera kuchokera ku zosakwana kilogalamu kufika mazana a matani a metric.Kupanga kwapangidwa ndi smiths kwa zaka zikwi;zinthu zakale zinali zophikira, zida, zida zamanja, zida zakuthwa, zinganga, ndi zodzikongoletsera.Chiyambireni Industrial Revolution, zida zopukutira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina ndi makina kulikonse komwe gawo limafuna mphamvu zambiri;ma forgings amenewa nthawi zambiri amafuna kukonzanso kwina (monga Machining) kuti akwaniritse gawo lomaliza.Masiku ano, kupanga ndi bizinesi yayikulu padziko lonse lapansi

Zowonongeka zopangira nkhungu ndi zida zopangira

Kuponyera nkhungu komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse kumaphatikizapo mchenga, pulasitiki, chipolopolo, pulasitala, ndi ndalama (njira yotayika ya sera).Njira yopangira nkhungu imeneyi imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito nkhungu zosakhalitsa, zosagwiritsidwanso ntchito.

Njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira ndi kupanga

Kuponya mchenga
Kuponya mchenga ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri komanso yosavuta yoponyera, ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri.Kuponyera mchenga kumalola magulu ang'onoang'ono kusiyana ndi kupanga nkhungu kosatha komanso pamtengo wokwanira.Sikuti njirayi imalola opanga kupanga zinthu zotsika mtengo, koma palinso zopindulitsa zina zopangira mchenga, monga ntchito zazing'ono kwambiri.Njirayi imalola kuti ma castings ang'onoang'ono azikwanira m'dzanja la munthu kwa omwe ali aakulu mokwanira pa mabedi a sitimayi (kuponyedwa kumodzi kungapangitse bedi lonse la galimoto imodzi ya njanji).Kuponyera mchenga kumathandizanso kuti zitsulo zambiri zipangidwe malinga ndi mtundu wa mchenga womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito poumba.

Kuponyera mchenga kumafuna nthawi yotsogolera ya masiku, kapena masabata nthawi zina, kuti apangidwe pamtengo wapamwamba (1-20 zidutswa / hr-mold) ndipo sichiposa kupanga gawo lalikulu.Mchenga wobiriwira (wonyowa), womwe ndi wakuda, sukhala ndi malire olemera, pomwe mchenga wowuma umakhala ndi gawo lokwanira lolemera la 2,300-2,700 kg (5,100–6,000 lb).Kulemera kwa gawo locheperako kumayambira 0.075–0.1 kg (0.17–0.22 lb).Mchenga umamangidwa ndi dongo, zomangira mankhwala, kapena mafuta opangidwa ndi polymerized (monga mafuta agalimoto).Mchenga ukhoza kubwezeretsedwanso kambirimbiri m'ntchito zambiri ndipo sufuna chisamaliro chochepa.

Kujambula kwa loam
Kumangira loam kwagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zazikulu zofananira monga mizinga ndi mabelu atchalitchi.Loam ndi chisakanizo cha dongo ndi mchenga ndi udzu kapena ndowe.Chitsanzo cha zomwe zimapangidwa zimapangidwa muzinthu zowotcha (chemise).Chikombolechi chimapangidwa mozungulira chemisiyi pochiphimba ndi loam.Izi zimaphikidwa (kuwotchedwa) ndikuchotsa chemisi.Kenako nkhunguyo amaima mowongoka m’dzenje kutsogolo kwa ng’anjoyo kuti chitsulocho chithiridwe.Pambuyo pake nkhunguyo imathyoledwa.Zimango zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kokha, kotero kuti njira zina zimakondedwa pazolinga zambiri.

Kuponyera pulasitiki nkhungu
Kuponyera pulasitiki ndikofanana ndi kuponya mchenga kupatula kuti pulasitala ya Paris imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa mchenga ngati nkhungu.Nthawi zambiri, mawonekedwewa amatenga nthawi yosakwana sabata kuti akonzekere, kenako kupanga 1-10 mayunitsi / h-mold amakwaniritsidwa, ndi zinthu zazikulu ngati 45 kg (99 lb) ndi zazing'ono ngati 30 g (1 oz) ndi mapeto abwino kwambiri pamwamba ndi kulolerana pafupi. [5]Kuponyera pulasitala ndi njira yotsika mtengo yopangira njira zina zopangira zida zovuta chifukwa cha mtengo wotsika wa pulasitala komanso kuthekera kwake kutulutsa pafupi ndi mawonekedwe a ukonde.Choyipa chachikulu ndikuti chimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zinthu zotsika zosungunuka zopanda chitsulo, monga aluminiyamu, mkuwa, magnesium, ndi zinki.

Kuumba zipolopolo
Kumangira zipolopolo n'kofanana ndi kuponya mchenga, koma pobowola amapangidwa ndi "chipolopolo" cholimba cha mchenga m'malo mwa botolo lodzaza mchenga.Mchenga womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wabwino kuposa mchenga woponyera mchenga ndipo umasakanizidwa ndi utomoni kuti utenthedwe ndi ndondomekoyi ndikuumitsa kukhala chigoba kuzungulira chitsanzocho.Chifukwa cha utomoni ndi mchenga wowoneka bwino, umapereka kutha kwapamwamba kwambiri.Njirayi imapangidwa mosavuta komanso yolondola kwambiri kuposa kuponya mchenga.Zitsulo zodziwika bwino zomwe zimaponyedwa zimaphatikizapo chitsulo choponyedwa, aluminium, magnesium, ndi aloyi zamkuwa.Njirayi ndi yabwino kwa zinthu zovuta zomwe zimakhala zazing'ono mpaka zapakati.

Investment casting
Kuponyera ndalama (kotchedwa kutaya-wax casting in art) ndi njira yomwe yakhala ikuchitika kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, ndi njira yotayika-sera yomwe ndi imodzi mwa njira zakale kwambiri zodziwika bwino zopangira zitsulo.Kuyambira zaka 5000 zapitazo, pamene phula linapanga chitsanzo, mpaka zamakono zamakono zamakono, zipangizo zowonongeka, ndi ma alloys apadera, zoponyedwa zimatsimikizira kuti zigawo zamtundu wapamwamba zimapangidwa ndi phindu lalikulu la kulondola, kubwerezabwereza, kusinthasintha, ndi kukhulupirika.
Kuponyera ndalama kumachokera ku dzina lake chifukwa chakuti chitsanzocho chimayikidwa, kapena kuzunguliridwa, ndi zinthu zotsutsa.Mapangidwe a sera amafunikira chisamaliro chambiri chifukwa sakhala olimba mokwanira kuti athe kulimbana ndi mphamvu zomwe amakumana nazo popanga nkhungu.Ubwino umodzi wopangira ndalama ndikuti sera itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.

Njirayi ndiyoyenera kupanga zobwerezabwereza zamagulu amtundu wa ukonde kuchokera kumitundu yosiyanasiyana yazitsulo ndi ma alloys apamwamba kwambiri.Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zing'onozing'ono, njirayi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafelemu a zitseko za ndege zonse, zokhala ndi zitsulo zokwana makilogalamu 300 ndi aluminiyamu mpaka 30 kg.Poyerekeza ndi njira zina zoponyamo monga kufa kapena kuponya mchenga, zitha kukhala zodula.Komabe, zida zomwe zitha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuyika ndalama zimatha kuphatikiza ma contours ovuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri zidazo zimayikidwa pafupi ndi mawonekedwe a ukonde, motero zimafunikira kukonzanso pang'ono kapena kusasinthidwa kamodzi.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa magawo forging

Kupanga kumatha kupanga chidutswa chomwe chili champhamvu kuposa gawo lofanana kapena lopangidwa ndi makina.Pamene chitsulo chimapangidwira panthawi yopangira, kapangidwe kake ka mkati kake kamawonongeka kuti atsatire mawonekedwe a gawolo.Chotsatira chake, kusiyanasiyana kwapangidwe kumapitilira gawo lonselo, kumapangitsa kuti chidutswa chokhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu.Poganizira ndalama zonse zomwe zimachitika pa moyo wa chinthu kuyambira pakugula kuti zitsogolere nthawi yokonzanso, komanso kuwerengera mtengo wa zotsalira, ndi nthawi yocheperako komanso malingaliro ena abwino, phindu lanthawi yayitali la forgings limatha kupitilira kupulumutsa kwakanthawi kochepa. zomwe zingaperekedwe kapena zopeka.

Zitsulo zina zimakhala zozizira, koma chitsulo ndi zitsulo zimakhala zotentha kwambiri.Kutentha kotentha kumalepheretsa kuuma kwa ntchito komwe kungabwere chifukwa cha kuzizira, zomwe zingapangitse kuti zikhale zovuta kuchita ntchito zachiwiri za Machining pa chidutswacho.Komanso, ngakhale kuumitsa ntchito kungakhale kofunikira nthawi zina, njira zina zowumitsira chidutswacho, monga kutentha kutentha, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsika mtengo komanso zowongoka.Ma aloyi omwe amatha kuuma mvula, monga ma aloyi ambiri a aluminiyamu ndi titaniyamu, amatha kukhala otentha, kutsatiridwa ndi kuumitsa.

Kupanga kupanga kumaphatikizapo kuwononga ndalama zambiri pamakina, zida, zida ndi antchito.Pankhani yowotcha yotentha, ng'anjo yotentha kwambiri (yomwe nthawi zina imatchedwa forge) imafunika kutentha ingots kapena billets.Chifukwa cha kukula kwa nyundo ndi makina osindikizira akuluakulu komanso mbali zomwe angathe kupanga, komanso kuopsa kwa ntchito ndi zitsulo zotentha, nyumba yapadera imafunika kaŵirikaŵiri kuti izikhalamo.Pankhani ya madontho opangira madontho, zinthu ziyenera kupangidwa kuti zizitha kugwedezeka ndi kugwedezeka kopangidwa ndi nyundo.Ntchito zambiri zopangira zitsulo zimagwiritsa ntchito zida zopangira zitsulo, zomwe ziyenera kukonzedwa bwino ndikutenthedwa bwino kuti ziwoneke bwino, komanso kupirira mphamvu zazikulu zomwe zikukhudzidwa.